Abstract

The escalating global energy crisis coupled with environmental concerns has accelerated the pursuit of renewable energy sources, with biodiesel emerging as a pivotal alternative to fossil fuels. This review systematically explores the advancements in biodiesel production, focusing on the utilization of diverse feedstocks and the evolution of catalytic technologies.

Initially reliant on first-generation feedstocks, primarily edible oils, biodiesel production has shifted towards second and third-generation sources such as non-edible plant oils, waste oils, and algal biomass to circumvent the food vs. fuel dilemma and enhance sustainability. The review further delves into catalytic methods, highlighting the transition from homogeneous to heterogeneous catalysts, including those derived from bio-waste and innovative nanoparticles, which offer environmental and economic benefits by enhancing reaction efficiencies and reducing production costs.

The synthesis of biodiesel via these advanced catalysts not only supports sustainable development but also aligns with global policies aimed at reducing carbon footprints.

The review underscores the necessity of continuous technological advancements and supportive policies to foster the broader adoption of biodiesel and ensure its role in the sustainable energy landscape.
 

Highlights

• Diverse Feedstock Utilization: First to third-gen feedstock switch.

• Catalytic Advancements: Shift to bio-waste-based catalysts.

• Technological Innovations: Advanced tech in catalyst dev.

• Policy and Economic Impacts: Global policy support for biodiesel.